to come back to the top.Name ALL The Type of Bonds In These Compounds GO BACK TO CHEMISTRY DRILLS PAGE
Click
to come back to the top.
3 single polar covalent bonds
Phosphorous trichloride has 3 single polar covalent bonds. They are polar because of the electronegativity difference between the P and the Cl. The molecule is polar because it does not have radial symmetry.
A double polar covalent bond plus a special extra bond called a coordinate covalent bond. Carbon monoxide has one double polar covalent bond plus a special extra bond called a coordinate covalent bond. For both atoms to get an octet, they share 2 pairs of electrons between them, plus oxygen "lends" on of its unshared pairs of electrons into the middle of the bond to let carbon take them sometimes to give it an octet. This is very unusual, but important. The bonds are polar because of the electronegativity difference between C and O. The molecule is polar because it does not have radial symmetry.
2 double polar covalent bonds. Carbon dioxide has a double polar covalent bond from one oxygen to the central carbon atom. It has another identical bond from the other side of the carbon atom to the other oxygen. This molecule is nonpolar because it does have radial symmetry. The bonds are polar because of the electronegativity difference between the C and the O atoms.
2 very polar single covalent bonds. Water, or dihydrogen monoxide, is a very polar molecule with two very polar single covalent bonds. The molecule is bent, making it very polar. It does not have radial symmetry. It does have bilateral symmetry (one line of symmetry, but this does not matter in chemistry).
Ionic bond. NaCl has an ionic bond, it's made of the cation sodium and the anion chloride. There is a transfer of only one electron to the chloride from sodium, but there is no such thing as a "single ionic" bond (or double or triple either). All ionic bonds are by definition polar, since there is a clear positive cation and a negative anion.
Ionic and 3 single polar covalent bonds. Calcium carbonate is tricky, tricky, tricky. The calcium cation is ionically bonded to the polyatomic anion called carbonate. It's ionic and therefore also polar. But, the carbonate itself has carbon to oxygen bonds, which are all single polar covalent. This formula unit has ionic and single polar covalent bonds at the same time.
Triple, nonpolar covalent bond. Diatomic nitrogen is a HONClBrIF twin, N2, and since each nitrogen atom has five valence electrons, and each then "needs to borrow" three from the other to get the octets, the only way this happens is if they share three pairs between them. This is a triple, nonpolar covalent bond.
Triple nonpolar covalent bond C to C, with 2 single polar covalent bonds C to H. C2H2 is dicarbon dihydride, but is usually called by its organic chem name: ethyne. It has yet another name, acetylene, which is the gas used in welding torches. The only way to combine these is to realize that hydrogen can only make a single bond, but carbon needs to get four electrons to complete its octet. So the arrangement is with the central carbon atoms making a triple nonpolar covalent bond together, and each making a single polar covalent bond to the hydrogen atoms, in a straight line. Look at this diagram.
4 polar covalent bonds. Carbon tetrachloride has the same shape as methane (CH4). The molecule has four polar covalent bonds due to its electronegativity differences. The molecule also has radial symmetry. Even though each of the chlorine atoms gains the electron in the bond most of the time (it has the higher electronegativity value as compared to the carbon atom), and the chlorine atoms are all net negative, most of the time, the charges are evenly distributed (that's what radial symmetry will do for you!), the molecule is nonpolar.
Double nonpolar covalent. Diatomic oxygen, or pure Oxygen bonds to itself by sharing two pairs of electrons. Each atom has six valence electrons, so they each need two more electrons. The only way to make the two octets is by making a double nonpolar covalent bond. (same electronegativity values means no difference in electronegativities, so nonpolar).
Single
nonpolar covalent. Diatomic
Fluorine, or pure fluorine bonds to itself by sharing just one pair of
electrons. Each atom has seven valence electrons, they both need to borrow
just one in a bond to gain the octets. It's nonpolar because they both
have the same electronegativity values
(no difference = nonpolar).
3 polar covalent bonds. Ammonia makes three polar covalent bonds between the N and the hydrogen atoms. Each bond is a single bond, because they are sharing just one pair of electrons. Nitrogen has five valence electrons to start out with, so it only needs to get three more electrons for an octet. That's why it's in a 1:3 ratio. Nitrogen ends up with an octet, and has one pair of unshared electrons. The bonds are polar, the molecule DOES NOT have radial symmetry (the charges are not symmetrical), so the molecule is polar too.
Ionic bond, 4 polar covalent bonds, and 5 hydrogen bonds. Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate is way cool. The copper is a +2 cation since it transfers two electrons to the sulfate, which is a -2 polyatomic anion. That's an ionic bond. Then, inside the sulfate are four polar covalent bonds between each sulfur and each oxygen. Finally, there are five water molecules which are hydrogen bonded onto the copper (II) sulfate formula unit. This has ionic, single polar covalent, and hydrogen bonds!
Ionic bond. MgO, so simple, an ionic bond. The magnesium transfers two electrons to the oxygen, which makes a magnesium +2 cation and a -2 oxide anion. This is not a double ionic bond, there are only ionic (no double or triple). This is a polar compound, by definition, as are all ionic compounds.
Ionic bond, 4 polar covalent bonds, and 7 hydrogen bonds. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is similar to that copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. The front part is ionic (magnesium cation ionically bonded to the sulfate polyatomic anion). Inside the sulfate are those four polar covalent bonds, S to O. Finally, the seven water molecules are hydrogen bonded to the whole formula unit. This stuff is also known commonly at Epsom salts.
2 polar covalent bonds inside each molecule, millions of hydrogen bonds. One million water molecules in a cup means that each hydrogen is single polar covalent bonded to the oxygen atoms. The molecule is bent, polar due to no radial symmetry. The million atoms should be a hint for hydrogen bonding between the molecules. Hydrogen bonding is very strong dipole interaction, meaning the more positive hydrogen atoms (due to their very low electronegativity values compared to the oxygen), are attracted to the neighboring water molecules, but only on the negative oxygen sides of them (due to the oxygen having such a high electronegativity value compared to the hydrogen atoms)